Carl Rogers An Influential Humanistic Psychologist

Carl Rogers Carl Rogers (1902-1987) was an influential humanistic psychologist, who built off the foundation laid by Maslow (McLeod, 2007). As set out below, Rogers established nineteen propositions that form the foundation of his theories (Guide, n.d.): 1. People make sense of themselves, others and the world based on their unique and constantly changing experiences. 2. A person’s understanding of reality is unique and shaped by what the person experiences and how the person deals with those experiences. 3. Everyone has a personal view of reality, controlling how they live their lives. 4. Part of everyone’s reality is that person’s sense of self. 5. Sense of self is fluid, but has some consistent perceptions, and comes from a person’s perceptions and experiences, with emphasis on the person’s comparison of self to others and the perceived opinions and judgments from others. 6. People have a natural instinct to care for themselves, heal and grow, including keeping themselves safe and becoming their best selves. 7. Only by understanding how the other person sees themselves, others, and the world, can one person truly understand another person. 8. People act, based on their experience of reality, to meet their needs as they perceive them. 9. People tend to be emotionally present in behavior, their feelings a part of attempts to meet perceived needs; strength of feelings show the need’s importance. 10. The values people assign to theirShow MoreRelatedCarol Rogers Influence in Psychology1264 Words   |  6 PagesCarl Rogers and His Influence on Modern Psychology Introduction Carl Rogers is considered the founder of client-centered therapy, which asserts that childhood experiences affect an individual’s feelings, thoughts, and behavior (Rathus, 2004). The therapist must see the world from that of the client to be effective in treatment. Rogers has influenced many psychological theories and therapies present today, especially positive psychology. Despite this fact, many who practice positive psychologyRead MoreHumanistic Theories Debate On Abraham Maslow And Carl Rogers1617 Words   |  7 Pages Humanistic Theories Debate Team B – Anthony Garcia, Becky Billison, Cher Keen, Britanie McKernan, Megan Groulx PSY/310 September 7, 2015 Dr. Sadie Fine â€Æ' Humanistic Theories Debate In the debate between Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers, both whom are humanistic theorists that share a mutual interest in the teachings of self-actualization, will discuss the specifics of their individual theories regarding the main points, their contributions, and the criticism they have received about their theoriesRead MoreCarl Roger s First Career Choice891 Words   |  4 PagesCarl Roger was born on January 8, 1902 Oak Park, Illinois and Died on February 4, 1987 at the age of 85 in San Diego, California. Growing up His father, Walter A. Rogers, was a civil engineer and his mother, Julia M. Cushing, was a homemaker and serious Pentecostal Christian. Carl was the fourth of their six children. Rogers was very intelligent and could read well before kindergarten. Following an education in a strict religious and ethical environment as an altar boy at the vicarage of JimplyRead MoreThe Theory Of Human Behavior1360 Words   |  6 Pagesbut some of the most influential psychological f igures have enabled us to have a comprehensive understanding of why we are who we are today. Even still, the comprehension of who we are as human beings is still extensively researched due to our constant adaptive natures. Due to the frequent changes in our concepts and identities, psychology attempts to explain the processes and outcomes. Interestingly, the study of human behavior is still highly influenced by numerous psychologists such as Freud, EriksonRead MoreCarl Rogers’ Theory Of Personality. Personality Theories1093 Words   |  5 PagesCarl Rogers’ Theory of Personality Personality theories suggest explanations for behaviors and how to change them. Multiple personality theories exist however one of the most interesting is the theory of personality by Carl Rogers. Rogers writes, â€Å"the core of man’s nature is essentially positive† (1961, p.73). â€Å"Carl Ransom Rogers (January 8,1902- February 4, 1987) was an influential American psychologist who, along with Abraham Maslow founded the humanistic approach to psychology† (â€Å"Carl,† 2017,Read MoreOverview of Humanistic Psychology Essay1399 Words   |  6 Pages Humanistic Psychology is a psychological perspective that highlights the study of a person in whole. These psychologist look at human behavior not just through the eyes of the viewer, but also through the eyes of the client that has the behavior. These psychologist believe that an individuals behavior is associated to his or her intimate feelings and their self image. Humanistic psychologist accepts human being s are not just a commodity of the environment. These psychologist study human meaningsRead MoreHistory And Theory : Freud And Rogers1125 Words   |  5 PagesHISTORY AND THEORY – Freud and Rogers Sigmund Freud and Carl Rogers are two extremely renowned individuals who have greatly contributed to the history of psychology. Their contributions are the foundation for the tools, techniques, and methodologies used by psychologist today. Although, each psychologist is from different times and developed different methods, they shared a passion for the workings of the human mind. As a result, their drive and foundation has motivated and prompted new theoriesRead MoreMajor Schools of Thought in Psychology829 Words   |  4 Pagesthought, structuralism, was advocated by the founder of the first psychology lab, Wilhelm Wundt. Almost immediately, other theories began to emerge and vie for dominance in psychology. In the past, psychologists often identified themselves exclusively with one single school of thought. Today, most psychologists have an eclectic outlook on psychology. They often draw on ideas and theories from different schools rather than holding to any singular outlook. The following are some of the major schools ofRead MorePsychology : The Influential Bunch1184 Words   |  5 PagesWajama, Aslami The Influential Bunch Psychology is defined as the scientific study of the behavior and mental process of individuals. In psychology there are many different perspectives that are employed. In this paper, this student will identify a few influential psychologists that paved the road for modern psychology. John B. Watson was a pioneering figure in the development of the psychological school of behaviorism. Watson was one of the early American psychologists to break Freudian notionsRead More Roger’s Theory as compared to that of Ellis’ Theory Essay973 Words   |  4 PagesAnderson (n.d) states, â€Å"Carl Rogers, a pioneering psychotherapist and the most influential psychologist in American history was one of the most prominent people of his time.† Rogers’ ideas and practices brought about a change in the school of humanistic psychology. What he learned in philosophy and philosophy of education influenced his personal life experiences which led him to a revolutionary of theory of therapy (Corsini, 2011 p. 148). According to an electrical resource, Client –centered therapy

Essay about The Essential Nature of Each Story in Beowulf...

Each story in Beowulf, when given more thought and analysis, would be viewed essential to the book itself and the way the issues were seen by the readers. Without the considerations of why these stories were told at their specific times, who narrated the story and to whom they were speaking, what the events would be foretelling or referring back to, and how they applied to the present characters, one would be able to grasp that they set up each possible event in Beowulf and allowed more understanding in the reasons why each situation played out the way it did. Through out the Anglo-Saxon culture, oral tradition was kept to its highest regards. Considering the Anglo-Saxons’ entire days consisted of hard work, hearing stories was their†¦show more content†¦By beginning with this great, well-respected, and well-known king, it set one’s expectations high for the other kings that would be later introduced in the story. The expectations set before the reader show wha t values were required from a good king. â€Å"He would flourish later on as his powers waxed and his worth was proved. In the end each clan †¦had to yield to him and begin to pay tribute.† (7-11) The great kings didn’t have to come from high statues, but had to prove themselves worthy of being men. Because Shield’s story was known very well, proven by this statement, â€Å"We have heard of those princes’ heroic campaigns† (line 3), the narrator of Beowulf had no problem relating the tale of this famous figure without using other characters to do it for him. The narrator later revealed the backstory of Modthryth to show the comparison between Queen Hygd and her. Here the qualities of a good queen were presented to set up the reader’s expectation on what to look for when a new female role was presented. A good queen as described by the narrator, was selfless, pure, generous, kind and devoted to her king and country. Both Hygd and Wealtheow fit those descriptions. Hygd had â€Å"her mind†¦thoughtful and her manners sure. [She] behaved generously and stinted nothing when she distributed bounty to the Geats.† (1928-1931). At the celebration feast given to Beowulf for slaying Grendel and the beast’s mother, Wealtheow â€Å"herself appeared, peace-pledged between nation, toShow MoreRelatedBeowulf Analysis1683 Words   |  7 PagesBeowulf Beowulf is another incredible epic poem that was first written in the Anglo-Saxon era. It is believed that the story is not an original piece by the author. Rather, it was part of oral tradition that the author later committed to inscribe it. The author of Beowulf is still a mystery since the work was not sign the work, although scholars refer to the author as just Beowulf poet. Since much about Beowulf is still unknown to the present generation, various debates have risen especially as

If Barack Obama would become president how would he affect the African American community free essay sample

If Barack Obama would become president how would he affect the black community? Barack Obama was born in Hawaii on August 4th, 1961 to the parents of Ann Dunham and Barack Obama Sr. Barack’s parents met each other at Harvard University. Obama’s father named him Barack, meaning â€Å"one who is blessed â€Å"from the Swahili culture. As Obama grew up he volunteered to help poor black communities overcome the strains and struggles that put them in bondage. From April to November of 1992 Obama served as a director for the Illinois project called VOTE, which he helped register about 150,000 black people to make a change within their community. The outcome of the project VOTE made Obama realize that he wanted to make a difference within the world. â€Å"The Audacity of Hope† by Barack Obama states that we pay too much attention to color and issues that do not really make a change in life. We will write a custom essay sample on If Barack Obama would become president how would he affect the African American community? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page But the things that we should recognize is the dream and legacy that Dr. Martin Luther King gave when he stated that â€Å"we should not be judged by the color of our skin but by the content of our character†. In 1996 Obama was elected to be the Illinois State Senate, which meant that he would represent the poor South side of the black communities. As Barack continues to compete with other candidates he persistently lets American know what he stands for, such as making a positive change within America. Barack feels that if he becomes president he would need a sense of urgency about improving the education system. I agree, because having a good education determines your future and what you earn out of life. Statistics show that in 1999, five out of every one hundred youth enrolled in high school dropped out without completing before 2002. Barack also feels that being poor in this country is a hazard to our health, because we do not have the necessary benefits that we should ha ve. Barack also feels that being able to vote changes the choices that many people make in life. Most importantly Barack would like to delete all the hardships that most African Americans face each and everyday which are poverty and racism. Those were the major and important issues that we as African Americans must look at. The question that we must ask ourselves is whether Barack is simply trying to convince us to vote for him or does he really express his message honestly to the people about changing this country? The reason I ask the question is because most politicians or person who has runned for president or who have become president makes promises to the people about making this country a safe and better world to live in. Then the promises become apologies to the people because their needs are not met. I feel that Barack would make a positive change in America because as he grew up he help built strong blacks communities and he also helped struggling families overcome the po verty that most African Americans face today. In 1985, Barack moved to Chicago to help with living conditions that were influenced with crime and high unemployment and he made great improvements. I strongly feel that he would do the same thing to better our struggling country. In one of Barack’s debates he stated that he would try to decrease the crime rates. He also stated that he would make more jobs available for society because African American males have been ranked number 1 for the highest number of crimes committed amongst minorities. Statistics show that there have been over 23 million crimes alone in the United States. Barack said that he is passionate about seeing these men have access to well paying jobs to keep them off the streets. He also thinks that having a good occupation determines how one functions or maintains in life. But most importantly it helps prepare you for growth in the future. There was a youth survey given to black voters to see how they felt abo ut voting. Reports indicate that young black voters have little confidence in making a difference within their community. Voting allows people to express their feelings about the way things are being done in the world. Barack gave a speech about race and how it affects everyone and I thought that it would be an important message that everyone should partake in. It states that â€Å"For the African American community, that path means embracing the burdens of our past without becoming ignorant but continuing to insist on a full measure of justice in every aspect of American life†. But it also means binding and improving health care, and better schools, and better jobs to the larger aspirations of every American. But Barack stated that if he becomes president he would invest and encourage young black voters to vote because it is important to make a change. If Barack becomes president I honestly feel that he would make a positive change within the black community by making it str onger, safer, and by making wiser decisions that impact every aspect of our lives.

Their Eyes Were Watching God Chapter 10 Analysis free essay sample

Literary Analysis In Zora Neale Hurston’s â€Å"Their Eyes Were Watching God†, chapter 10 is an important chapter bridging the part of Janie Crawford’s life after the death of her second husband and her marriage with Tea Cake. The chapter introduced Tea Cake when he meets Janie while she is working in her store. His playfulness is revealed in this chapter. The affect Tea Cake has on Janie is personified at the end of the chapter. After Tea Cake is in the store with Janie a while, he suggests they play a game of checkers. This starts to reveal his playful side. He says â€Å"You ain’t supposed tuh look off, Mis’ Starks.It’s de biggest part uh de game tuh watch out! †(Hurston 95)while she grabs his hand to stop him during the game. His jokes continue after the game when he says â€Å"Could yuh lemme have uh pound uh knuckle puddin’ till Saturday? †(Hurston 95) suggesting that Janie should hit him. We will write a custom essay sample on Their Eyes Were Watching God Chapter 10 Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page During the chapter, Janie does not even think that Tea Cake is any different of a man as he appears. The effect he has on her is personified towards the end of the chapter. After Tea Cake leaves her at her porch without making any moves towards her, she â€Å"sat on the porch and watched the moon rise.Soon it’s amber fluid was drenching the earth, and quenching the thirst of the day. † (Hurston 99) The affect Tea Cake had on Janie is personified as the moon on the earth. Community is a motif that appears in this chapter. From the beginning, it is noted that the whole town is empty due to the game in town. Business of Janie’s store is described as being â€Å"dull all day, because the numbers of the people had gone to the game. † (Hurston 94) Community is also shown when Janie figures Tea Cake to be unlike the other men in the community.As he leaves her at her porch, she thinks â€Å"Maybe this strange man is up to something! But it was no place to show her fear there in the darkness between the house and the store. He had hold of her arm too. Then in a moment it was gone. Tea Cake wasn’t strange. † (Hurston 99) The first paragraph on page ninety-nine has a diction of anxiety. When Tea Cake is walking with Janie, she thinks â€Å"maybe this strange man was up to something! † (Hurston 99) She is anxious to find out if Tea Cake is the man he appears to be. The feels that â€Å"it was no place to show her fear there in the darkness between the house and the store†.However, that feeling changes when she gets to her porch and â€Å"Then in a moment it was gone. Tea Cake wasn’t strange. † (Hurston 99) Janie finds that he isn’t like every other man in the town, that he is unique, and the man he appears to be, ending her anxious tone. In conclusion, chapter 10 is a short yet important chapter to the book. It displays Tea Cake’s playful personality traits. It shows Janie’s anxiety towards Tea Cake. It shows how the community of her town is small and not very differentiating. The chapter is then summed up by a personification of the moon representing Tea Cake’s effect on Janie.

Brief History on the Psychology of Human Behavior essays

Brief History on the Psychology of Human Behavior essays Brief Theory on the Psychology of Human Behavior Behavior, Is it consciously or subconsciously driven? When an individual is conscious they are aware of their feelings, thoughts, and memories ( Uba-Huang ,p.486). When one is subconscious; feelings, thought, and memories exist in the mind without entering conscious awareness (Webster, p720). In my opinion people are both consciously and subconsciously driven when it comes to behavior. All day your life is constantly filled with a different variety of memories, behaviors, mannerisms, and feelings and they are both conscious and subconscious. An example of a conscious feeling is when you cut your finger and you see blood you automatically think of pain. An example of subconscious is when you are at a baseball game, and you know that you should be home studying for your Math test, instead of being at the game. When you mention behavior theres always the word emotion right behind it. Emotion is a coordinate package of three experiences: biological arousal, thoughts and expressions (Uba-Huang, p.465). We feel sorry because we cry, angry because we strike, afraid because we tremble... (James 1890-1981,p.1066). You can relate to this poem because your emotion is what builds your behavior. Thats were thought comes into it. Emotion and thought are not the same thing. It takes your thought to build the emotion that will then lead to a behavior. For example, say someone does something unfair to you. The first thing you would do was think about how that hurts you and as your thinking your building up emotions over the whole situation and at the end you will react in any way your body decides to, no matter what consequences you have to face after the fact. Among the environmental factors that influence personality development are birth order, gender, and the friends a person has (Plomin1989 p. 499). Behavior can come from a wide range of explanations. One ...

The Word is Succumbed

The Word is Succumbed The Word is Succumbed The Word is Succumbed By Maeve Maddox A reader asks: Does the word sucummbed really exist? As in he finally sucummbed to the cold and lay face down in the snow Whats interesting about this question is not that succumbed is misspelled, but that this reader kept encountering this misspelling as he tried to find a definition. Ordinarily when I type a misspelled word into the Google box, for example, Tolkein, I get the question Did you mean: Tolkien? at the top of the search page. When I typed in sucummbed, the question Did you mean succumbed? did not appear. Numerous entries with the sucummbed spelling did. Succumbed comes from a Latin word meaning submit, sink down, lie under. In modern usage it can mean to submit to a superior force: The beautiful old tree-lined streets succumbed to the communitys desire for a shopping mall. It can also mean to lose a fight against a disease or some other physical attack: After ten months of painful chemotherapy she succumbed to cancer. He succumbed to wounds received in Iraq. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Great Similes from Literature to Inspire You3 Cases of Complicated Hyphenation50 Synonyms for "Song"

Breaking the chains of psychological slavery Essay

Breaking the chains of psychological slavery - Essay Example The author of the paper has presented his agreement or disagreement with the views presented by Akbar in the first three chapters of the book. The Psychological Legacy of Slavery In the first one of series of essays presented in Akbar’s book, Dr. Akbar defines the misery of blacks over the period of those 300 years, in which the black raced experienced brutality and humiliation in the hands of whites. According to the author, the blacks were forced into slavery which left behind deep psychological trauma in the mindset of black people and socially isolated them. Akbar states that, despite of the fact that world has acknowledged the brutality of slavery experienced all around the world, they still do not know or do not want to know the root cause of problems faced by black people, i.e. the slavery. The problems identified by Akbar pertaining to black peoples’ attitude, were directed towards their behavior at workplace, leading teams, feeling inferiority complexes and how the community divides them from white people. Akbar argues that the negative impact of slavery on black peoples’ attitude towards life can also be noticed in the way they form families and perceive discrimination on the basis of race and color. In my personal opinion, I would like to disagree with Akbar when he suggests that the effects of slave past can be noticed in the attitude towards profession. These days, blacks are dominating major positions in a number of key businesses in the world. On the other hand, blacks are provided with equal opportunities to excel in their profession and achieve their assigned targets. Another factor that has been identified with relation to Black’s attitude towards community division, I would like to agree with Akbar here. This is because still there are evidences where whites are discriminated on the basis of color and race. The recent example is of major sporting events like football leagues and hockey matches. But, due to prevalen ce of law and anti-racial regulations implemented by the government and by employers at workplace, Black people are now encouraged to report that to law enforcing organizations. Liberation from Mental Slavery The second chapter of the book discusses how to break the mental chains of the slavery and its adverse impact on the mind set-up of individuals. Based on Akbar’s idea of faith, the author argues that some of the time, people believe what is not actually practical. Similarly, blacks were sometimes were provided with false and rumored news about the whites and vice versa. I agree with the point raised by Dr. Akbar about faith. Faith is something that is meaningless and limitless. Faith reflects the level of trust an individual have for another individual. Based on faith, people make decisions that are critical to the situations in their lives. In this manner, to ensure successfully achieving objectives or to make something happen in your favor, one must have faith. Similar ly, if individuals’ belief that they are going to get freedom, they first must have faith on their belief, so as to ensure that full commitment and honesty is reflected in our efforts towards achieving freedom. Coming back to the denial of slave mentality of blacks, Akbar states that to make freedom possible, the blacks must have to believe that they are going to achieve freedom. This freedom gave their confidence level a boost which proved to be a vital weapon in their efforts to achieve freedom. Giving the example of Harriet Tubman’s efforts to free slaves, Tubman expresses her faith that she is going to free slave, which other wise would not have been possible in the absence of faith and

Marketing In Harvard Style Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Marketing In Harvard Style - Essay Example Individuals are exposed to tens of thousands of advertisements in a single day.With all these numerous advertisements being bombarded at a single buyer,marketers craftily design their campaigns in consideration to the consumer's processing of these stimuli in order to make a purchase decision. In doing so, they keep in mind what is called consumer perception or "the process by which an individual selects, organizes, and interprets information inputs to create a meaningful picture of the world" (Kotler 2005). It is irrefutable that each individual processes stimuli differently because of personal differences. Thus, perception varies among individuals who perceive the same thing. This is due to three perceptual processes known as selective attention, selective distortion, and selective retention.Selective attention refers to the ability of the consumers to notice and to be attracted only be advertisements which appeal to them. With all massive amount of advertisement each day, customer s are only captivated by those which are relevant to them. It is found out that the advertisement which catches customers' attention are those stimuli which represents their current need, those which they anticipate, and those whose deviation are large in relation to the normal size of stimuli (Kotler and Armstrong 2001). For example, an ad which features beauty products which inhibits oil production will irrefutably attract one who is searching for one. Likely, if the ad is placed in a health and beauty specialist, the customers are expected to notice. And lastly, bigger discounts are more likely to be taken note of than smaller ones. The next process is called selective distortion which refers to "the tendency of customers to twist information into personal meanings" (Kotler 2005) and interpret them according to their needs. It should be noted that the different background of the consumers enables them to interpret advertisements in their individual ways which is influenced by their social class, employment, and others. Lastly, selective retention refers to the customers' remembering of their selected products' good points while forgetting that of the competitors' products advantages (Lynch 2003). As a marketer, advertisements are usually designed according to their intended market. Companies make advertisements which appeal to a specific target market by using celebrities, colors, and dramatic effects which will likely attract them. Offering huge discounts are also other ways of capturing their attention. However, in selective distortion, there is nothing much that a marketer can do in order to influence buyers. Selective retention is facilitated by repeating the messages that they intend the buyer to learn. The key in advertising still, is the marketers' understanding of customers which will perceive and experience them. Question 2. 1. A reference group "consists of all groups with a direct (face-to face) or indirect effect on all people's attitudes or behaviors" (Kotler 2005). 2. The four types of reference groups include primary groups, secondary groups, aspirational groups, and disassociative groups. Primary groups which are those which have a direct influence on the person because of his continuous and informal interaction with them including his family, friends, neighbors, and co-workers. On the other hand, more formal relations which require less continuous interaction like religious groups, trade associations, and professional are called secondary groups. Aspirational groups are those which the individuals aspires to have membership of while disassociative ones represents those which have values or beliefs that a customer finds unacceptable (Kotler and Armstrong 2005). 3. Customers associate themselves with reference groups because of their want to be acceptable to the people within the group, they

Business arena Essay Example for Free

Business arena Essay Recent years have demonstrated that a lack of unity exists within the business arena compared to the synergistic methods in which trade unions execute their policies. This must be considered another of the drawbacks of the existence of interest groups. This has resulted in costly political campaigning for Australian businesses (Bell, 0000). The number of organisations that attempt to represent their interests at the political level has become such a complex and tangled web that it is often unprofitable for to do business in such a scene (Matthews). Such action often bring great expense and yet offer little real guarantee of success (Coutskorais, 0000, p. 80). Such organisations in Australia as the Minerals Council of Australia (which represents the particular industry) and Surfer’s Paradise Chamber of Commerce (which represents regional membership) exist for the profitable purpose of (among other things) promoting competition among businesses and the consequent improvement of policies (Matthews, 0000, 75) Despite the clear benefits that interest groups can provide, some drawbacks do exist when one considers their impact on the politics of a country. It is usually necessary to be careful that certain interest groups do not become too powerful and end up coercing government to adversely affect policy changes (Apollonio Bero, 2007). The two Australian interest groups previously mentioned are cases in point, as they represent very powerful organizations that have at least a large potential to urge the implementation of any of the policies they devise. Care must be taken that the policies they advocate really do consider the interest of the public. One major reason why such care must be taken is the fact that these interest groups are never guaranteed to possess equity in their actions. Because they take a particular stand on an issue, their interest is likely to exclude the interest of several others who have opposing views. Furthermore, interest groups have the general privilege of making donations to political parties. This is a lobbying technique that has been around for decades, but may give a political edge to such groups that have the greatest means of funding such campaigns (2007). Some interest groups have outsider status, and this means that they attempt to influence policy by altering public opinion (Evans, year. p. 84). Such groups may prove both beneficial and detrimental to the politics of a country. The detriment comes where such groups falsify or misrepresent information to the public in order to convince them (and their political candidates) to act in the behalf of the group. One group which has historically been seen in this light is the tobacco industry-front group. According to researchers Appollonio Bero, â€Å"The tobacco industry has a history of misrepresenting scientific evidence† (2007, p.419). The researchers go on to point out that the industry has created what seems to be an unaffiliated interest group which presents â€Å"its antiregulation agenda as an expression of popular will, and allowed industry lobbyists access to policymakers who were otherwise unwilling to work with them† (2007, p. 419). This presents a very unfavourable view of political interest groups. However, positive effects of this attempt to influence the public may occur in the form of debates between/among opposing groups, through which the public becomes more informed about the policies being advocated by each. Furthermore, since each group represents a social movement made up of people who share values and see eye to eye on certain matters of concern, these groups provide a forum or network of communication that has the potential to provide a series of checks and balances amongst themselves and within the government (Marsh, 2000). Overall, the action groups that exist within Australia to lobby for the interests of the people have a predominantly positive impact on the Australian society. Such organizations as the Boy’s Club, Gay rights, and animal liberation groups offer protection and a voice for these minorities in the decision-making sectors of the government. Such groups also speak for such issues as gun control, military disarmament, and the protection of the environment. These interest groups possess the expertise and the experience to speak persuasively in the behalf of their interests, and also have the ability to aid in the execution of policies once they have been adopted by the political bodies. The media has the positive effect of promoting the accountability of the government, and of other businesses that my have formed ties with members of the government. However, the highly structured and powerful nature of certain interest groups, while they have the power to get things done within the government, also have the power to wrongly influence the government on their behalf. It is therefore necessary to take care in the freedom with which such groups are allowed to act. References van Acker, E. Curran, G. (eds. ) 2004, Governing Business and Globalisation, (2nd edn. ) Pearson, Frenchs Forest. Ang, J C. Boyer. 2007, â€Å"Finance and politics: the wealth effects of special interest group influence during the nationalisation and privatisation of Conrail. † Cambridge Journal of Economics. vol. 31, no. 2, pp 193-216. Apollonio, D. E. L. A. Bero. 2007, â€Å"Finance and politics: the wealth effects of special interest group influence during the nationalisation and privatisation of Conrail. † American Journal of Public Health. vol. 97, no 3, pp 419-428. BCA. (2007). â€Å"Our Structure. † Business Council of Australia. Melbourne, VIC. Retrieved on May 8, 2007 from http://www. bca. com. au/Content. aspx? ContentID=100827 Hague, R. M. Harrop, S. Breslin. 1994, Political Science: A Comparative Introduction. St. Martin Press, New York. Gray, V. D. Lowery. 2000, Population Ecology of Interest Representation : Lobbying Communities in the American States. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor. Greenemeier, L J. N. Hoover. 2007, â€Å"Advocacy, Inc. † InformationWeek. no. 1121, pp 38-46. Hollander, R. â€Å"Name of Chapter or Essay. † (2006). Eccleston, R, Williams, P. Hollander, R. (Eds. ). Foundations of Australian Politics. Pearson Education, Sydney. Marsh, I. 2000, â€Å"Gaps in Policy-making capacities; interest groups, social movements, think tanks and the media. † in M. Keating, J. Wanna P. Weller (eds. ) Institutions on the Edge: Capacity for Governance. Allen Unwin, St Leonard’s. Parkin, A, Summers, J. Woodward, D. (eds. ) 2006, Government, Politics, Power and Policy in Australia, (8th ed. ) Pearson, French’s Forest. Chapter 17. Singleton, G et al. 2006, Interest Groups’ in Australian Political Institutions. 8th edn. Pearson, French’s Forest.. Ward, I. R. G. Stewart. 2006, Ch. 12, ‘Pressure Groups and Social Movements’ in Politics One, 3rd edn. , Palgrave. Macmillan, South Yarra. Weitzel, P. 2004, â€Å"Joining with non-media organization can help win access battle. † The Quill. vol. 92, no 7, pp 20-21.

DIRECT CONNECT MANUAL :: essays research papers

How use Direct Connect behind a firewall/router in Active Mode instead of Passive 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Determine your WAN IP address and your LAN IP address; this can be done either by using winipcfg.exe or ipconfig.exe in my case looking on the status page of my Linksys router configuration. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Now set up DC by going to settings connection and marking the block use Direct Connect in Active Mode, In the force DC to accept connections on this port: I have 412 (I’m not sure if this matters but it has worked for me) you may want to play around with it a bit but I believe it has to be a port between 375-425 because these are the ports Direct Connect has to have open to function in Active Mode. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Check the block force direct connect to report this IP and put in the WAN IP address obtained for your situation in Step 1. This completes the setup of DC. This will vary slightly for Individual Situations I will explain it for a linksys cable/dsl router but the same should apply regardless of what your using for a firewall. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On the linksys router go to the advanced/forwarding tab in the service port range boxes on the left in the first one put 375 and in the second put 425 this will open this range of ports on your router and forward them from the WAN side of your Firewall to the LAN side (the same probably applies to whatever you are using for a Hardware/Software Firewall solution these ports need to pass from the internet side of your Firewall to the intranet side of your Firewall. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Now in the next block (at least on the linksys you need to select forward both I tried just udp and just tcp individually it didn’t seem to work correctly until I selected forward both. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the IP address box this is where you will want to fill in the place to forward the ports to at least on the linksys you can do this by individual IP address. Put the IP Address of the machine on your LAN that you are using Direct Connect on. If your are running DC on multiple machines you may have to repeat steps 1-3 for each IP on your LAN running DC. Click Apply restart DC and you should now be able to use DC and search multiple hubs behind your route/firewall without any problems.

Roles and responsibilities of leaders

Management and leadership go hand in hand for effective running of activities and processes within the organization. As brilliantly put by many authors, success can never be achieved in any organization without the engagement of a good leader who is able to restructure, solve problems and guide other employees within their organizations. Previous it has been strongly suggested that leadership and management approaches within an organization affect the way service provision is delivered and eventually the performance and success within the organization. Excellency in leadership always starts with the leader and the way he treats those under his management, communication is the most crucial and delegation of power to the rest of the members of the organization, responsibilities should be entrusted to the rest of the staff in the organization so that they can always be part of the solution to matters pertaining the organization. (Newstrom, 1997) The term leadership entails the motivation of people or a team in order to achieve certain organizational goals and objectives. One of the main roles for leaders is to influence the people they lead through incentives, promotions, discipline, dynamics and teamwork with the aim of attaining and maintaining a healthy organizational culture.   Leaders have the responsibility of being participative, supportive, directive and more importantly achievement adjusted with a view to defining certain tasks for their followers (Newstrom, 1997). Many organizations require that their leaders design work agenda for their followers and get concerned with their aspirations, feelings, achievements, problems and outside environment in order to centre all interests to the organization. For a perfectly healthy organization, the leader has to be the servant of the workers in the sense that, he always listens to the workers and do as they want the work done because usually they are the people who are at the ground and they tend to understand the organization better than the leader, so its up to the leader to see that he communicates perfectly with his staff in matters pertaining enhancement of the organization.  Ã‚   (Conger and Pearce, 2003) In every organization, leadership is crucial for maintaining a healthy organizational culture within itself. The main role that a leader is entitled to undertake is to plan, control and direct other individuals to perform specific tasks within the organization. Organizational culture usually entail the –lets work together- spirit whereby the organization behaves like a ‘society’ where there   are values, norms and rules which   all individuals adhere to. Since these are people who work together under the guidance of their leaders, certain beliefs are entrenched in their lives which give birth to encouragement and enthusiasm thus a healthy organizational culture. Leaders therefore utilize a healthy organizational culture to balance work life chores in order to achieve the best form the employees. (Conger and Pearce, 2003) The most important and powerful resources within any organization are the leaders. These are the people who are responsible for influencing the way the organizational culture and climate is modeled. They either create good or bad working environments and thus they are able to determine the development agenda for the organization (Newstrom, 1997). Good management culture starts with a good understanding of effective communication i.e. politeness and patience; Previous research has indicated that employees tend to work better when cherished up by leaders who are up to the task. However, due to diversity, lack of training, lack of motivation, diversification among today’s leaders and lack of definite systems to govern leadership today, there has been slow improvement and many organizations have been failed by their leaders. Reference Conger, J.A., and Pearce, C.L. (2003): Shared Leadership: Reframing the Hows and Whys of Leadership. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Newstrom, W. (1997): Organizational Behavior; Human Behavior at Work; New York: McGraw-Hill

Ethics Essay

1. What is/are John’s ethical issues? I do not know the exact definition of ethical but I believe it to be related to our behavior and the decisions we make and if they are considered right or wrong by society. I am sure there are times when a situation may be perfectly legal but we may not think it is okay. Keeping this in mind, John’s ethical issues include thoroughly researching IPOs and using this information to his advantage, pocketing profits from the shorting process, disregarding the non-compete clause and allowing mailings to be sent to his clients prior to resigning, indirectly letting his clients know he was personally paying for their expenses instead of charging them to the firm, buying and selling stocks without the client’s knowledge, and not giving the time and attention needed to properly train new hires. 2. Are there any legal considerations for John? I think he could be held legally liable for all of the actions mentioned above if they are illegal. I am not sure if indirectly letting clients know he paid for their expenses and buying and selling their stocks without their knowledge is illegal. Obviously he is doing something illegal if the SEC is investigating. I guess he could be fined and/or be taken to trial depending on the severity of his actions and the amount of money involved. 3. Discuss the implications of each decision John has made and will make. I am not a risk taker and I know I would question his character based on the decisions he has made and I would not trust him. However, it sounds as if this type of behavior may be the norm with stock brokers who are willing to take risks. The Sharks would probably be more accepting of his behavior because they are risk takers but the Cessna and Turtles would be less accepting because of being more conservative. I think John should cooperate with the SEC with the hopes of reducing the severity of punishment for his actions. Resolving Ethical Business Challenges – Questions/Exercises 1. What are the potential ethical issues faced by Acme Corporation? I think the potential ethical issues are giving the client season tickets and a vacation in return for purchasing additional inventory, taking the best accounts to Vegas for a thank you party with all expenses paid including adult entertainment and keeping it quiet. 2. What should Acme do if there is a desire to make ethics part of its core organizational values? Acme needs to communicate core values to their employees. Ethics programs need be created and overseen by appointed ethics officers. The ethical component relates to the values, beliefs and established and enforced patterns of conduct that employees use to identify and respond to ethical issues. 3. Identify the ethical issues of which Frank needs to be aware. He should be concerned about the fact he agreed to give the client season tickets and a vacation in return for an increase inventory which resulted in a personal bonus for Frank and achievement recognition. Amber offered the thank you trip but Frank would be telling the client adult entertainment is okay per Amber and it would not get out. Each time he goes to this client with a recommendation to increase inventory, the client is going to expect to get something in return. If other clients find out about this, they may expect the same treatment or they may take their business elsewhere. 4. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each decision that Frank could make. Each time he goes to this client with a recommendation to increase inventory, the client is going to expect to get something in return. If other clients find out about this, they may expect the same treatment or they may take their business elsewhere. I think every client is important to a business regardless of the size of their account and they should each be treated equally but it does not happen this way in the real world.

How to Improve Your ACT English Score 9 Tips From a Perfect Scorer

How to Improve Your ACT English Score 9 Tips From a Perfect Scorer SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Are you struggling with ACT Englishscores between 14-24? You're not alone - hundreds of thousands of other students are scoring in this range. But many don't know the best ways to break out of this score range and get 26+on the ACT. Here we'll discuss how to improve ACT Englishscore effectively, and why it's so important to do so. Put these principles to work and I'm confident you'll be able to improve your score. Brief note: This article is tailored for lower-scoring students, currently scoring below a 26 on ACT English. If you're already above this range, my perfect 36 ACT Englishscore articlewill be better for you as it contains advanced strategies. In this article, I'm going to discuss why scoring high is a good idea, what it takes to score a 26, and then go into ACT English tips. Stick with me - this is like building a house. First you need to lay a good foundation before putting up the walls of the house and pretty windows. Similarly, we need to first understand why you're doing what you're doing, before diving into tips and strategies. In this guide, I talk mainly about getting to a 26. But if your goal is to get to a 24 or lower, these tips still equally apply. Understand the Stakes At this ACT score range, improving your low ACT Englishscore to a 24 range will dramatically boost your chances of getting into better colleges. The reason? A 26 puts you at right about the 83rd percentile, well above the national average of all ACT test takers. This is roughly equivalent to a 1200 out of 1600 on the SAT. Let's take a popular school, University of Central Florida (UCF), as an example. Its average ACT score is a 27. Its 25th percentile score is a 23, and 75th percentile is a 28. Furthermore, its acceptance rate is 49%. In other words, a little less than half of all applicants are admitted. Good odds, but the lower your scores, the worse your chances. In our analysis, if you apply with an ACT score of 23, your chance of admission drops to 23%, or around 1/4 chance. But if you raise your score to a 28, your chance of admission goes up to 55% - a very good chance of admission. For the Englishsection, this is especially true if you want to apply to humanities or language programs. They expect your Englishscore to be better than your math score, and if you score low, they'll doubt your ability to do college-level humanities work. It's really worth your time to improve your ACT score. Hour for hour,it's the best thing you can do to raise your chance of getting into college. Curious what chances you have with a 26 ACT score? Check out ourexpert college admissions guide for a 26 ACT score. Know that You Can Do It This isn't just some lame inspirational message you see on the back of a milk carton. I mean, literally, you and every other student can do this. In my work with PrepScholar, I've worked with thousands of students scoring in the lower ranges of 15-21. Time after time, I see students who beat themselves up over their low score and think improving it is impossible. "I know I'm not smart." "I've just never been good at writing, and I can't see myself scoring high." "I don't know what to study to improve my score. Is it grammar rules? Do I do practice?" It breaks my heart. Because I know that more than anything else, your ACT score is a reflection ofhow hard you work and how smartly you study. Not your IQ and not your school grades. Not how Ms. Anderson in 10th grade gave you a C on your essay. Here's why: the ACT is a weird test. When you take it, don't you get the sense that the questions are nothing like what you've seen in school? You've learned grammar before in school. You know some basic grammar rules. But the ACT questions just seem so much weirder. It's purposely designed this way. The ACT can't test difficult concepts, because this would be unfair for students who never took AP English. It can't ask you to decompose Dostoevsky's The Brothers Karamazov. The ACT is a national test, which means it needs a level playing field for all students around the country. So it HAS to test concepts that all high school students will cover. How to transition between paragraphs, grammar rules like subject verb agreement, etc. You've learned all of this throughout school. But the ACT still has to make the test difficult, so it needs to test these concepts in strange ways. This trips up students who don't prepare, but it rewards students who understand the test well. Example Question Here's an example: find the grammar error in this sentence: The senator, along with his dozen campaign staff, are running a competitive race against the newcomer. This is a classic ACT English question. The error is in subject/verb agreement. The subject of the sentence is commissioner, which is singular. The verb is "run," but because the subject is singular, it should really be "runs." If you didn't see an error, you fell for a classic ACT English trap. It purposely confused you with the interrupting phrase, "along with his 20 staff members." You're now picturing 20 people in a campaign - which suggests a plural verb! The ACT English section is full of examples like this. Nearly every grammar rule is tested in specific ways, and if you don't prepare for these, you're going to do a lot worse than you should. Here's the good news: this might have been confusing the first time, but the next time you see a question like this, you'll know exactly what to do: find the subject and the verb, and get rid of the interrupting phrase. So to improve your ACT English score, you just need to: learn the grammar rules that the ACT tests study how the ACT tests these grammar rules and learn how to detect which grammar rule you need in a question practice on a lot of questions so you learn from your mistakes I'll go into more detail about exactly how to do this. First, let's see how many questions you need to get right to get a certain score. What It Takes to Get a 26in ACT English If we have a target ACT score out of 36 in mind, it helps to understand how many questions you need to get right on the actual test. The ACT English section has 75 questions on it. Depending on how many questions you get right, you'll get a Scaled score out of 36. Here's the raw score to ACT English Score conversion table. (If you could use a refresher on how the ACT is scored and how raw scores are calculated, read this.) Scaled Raw Scaled Raw Scaled Raw Scaled Raw 36 75 27 62 18 41-42 9 18-19 35 72-74 26 60-61 17 39-40 8 15-17 34 71 25 58-59 16 36-38 7 12-14 33 70 24 56-57 15 32-35 6 10- 32 68-69 23 53-55 14 29-31 5 8-9 31 67 22 51-52 13 27-28 4 6-7 30 66 21 48-50 12 25-26 3 4-5 29 65 20 45-47 23-24 2 2-3 28 63-64 19 43-44 10 20-22 1 0-1 So if you're aiming for a 26, on this test you need to get just 60 questions correct. This is just an 80% on the test! Also, keep in mind that you'll be able to GUESS on a lot of questions. Because there are 4 answer choices, you get a lot of questions right with a 25% chance! So here's an example. Let's say you know how to solve just 55 questions for sure. You guess on the remaining 20, and get 5 of them right by chance. This gives you a raw score of 60, or a scaled score of 26! This has serious implications for your testing strategy. In essence, you only need to answer 4/5 of all questions right. We'll go into more detail below about what this means for your testing strategy below. Whatever you're scoring now, take note of the difference you need to get to a 26. For example, if you're scoring a 21, you need to answer 10-13 more questions right to get to a 26. Once again, if your goal is a score below 26, like a 23, the same analysis applies. Just look up what your Raw Score demands above. OK - so we've covered why scoring a higher ACT Englishscore is important, why you specifically are capable of improving your score, and the raw score you need to get to your target. Now we'll actually get into actionable ACT English tipsthat you should use in your own studying to maximize your score improvement. Tipsto Improve Your Low ACT English Score Strategy 1: Know What's On the Test. It's Not Just About Grammar! The first tip to doing well on the ACT is understanding what you're actually going to be tested on. You need to predict every type of question that comes up so you have a game plan to get the right answer. If you've studied ACT English before, you've probably worried about memorizing grammar rules like subject/verb agreement or pronoun antecedent. The truth is, grammar is only half of the test. The other half is made up of what are called "Rhetorical Skills" s of concepts you need to know are Wordiness (how to phrase things concisely) and Transitional Logic (how to connect sentences and paragraphs together). For these skills, you don't just memorize grammar rules - you need to understand how to write effectively in the context of the ACT. At PrepScholar, we believe in dividing ACT English into individual skills you can attack separately. This is the best way to divide and conquer - understand what the ACT tests, and focus on mastering individual skills. Here's a complete breakdown of the skills in ACT English: Grammar (53% of ACT English) Punctuation - Commas Punctuation - General Number Agreement Pronouns Verb Forms Comparison/Description Word Choice Idioms Run-On Sentences Sentence Fragments Parallelism Modifiers Rhetorical Skills (47% of ACT English) Relevance Author Intent Transitional Logic Macro Logic Wordiness Formality and Tone That's it! All of ACT English is wrapped up in these 18 skills. What seemed like a scary, giant 75-question section can actually be wrapped up entirely in these 18 skills. Now, don't get overwhelmed. This may LOOK like a lot of stuff to study,but when you're aiming for a 26, you only have to master a fraction of these skills. I'll explain more in the next strategy. For a more detailed look, check out our guide breaking down theACT Englishsection. Strategy 2: Learn the Most Important Grammar Rules. Ignore the Others If you've tried studying for ACT English before, you might have been daunted by the large number of grammar rules you seem to have to know. The reality is, there is a huge difference in how important different grammar rules are on the test. Just as an example, Transition questions appear roughly 9 times per test, but Logical Comparison questions show up only once per test. So some skills show up nearly 10x more often than other skills!This has a huge implication on what you should be spending your precious time on studying - not all study hours are treated equal. If you study the most important grammar rules first, you will get the biggest bang for your buck. Here's the complete list of skills and how often they appear on a typical ACT English section: Skill Category # per Test % per Test Transitional Logic Rhetoric 9 12.41% Relevance Rhetoric 7 9.49% Wordiness Rhetoric 7 9.49% Punctuation - Commas Grammar 5 6.93% Punctuation - General Grammar 5 6.93% Macro Logic Rhetoric 5 6.57% Author Intent Rhetoric 4 5.84% Run-On Sentences Grammar 4 5.84% Idioms Grammar 4 5.47% Verb Forms Grammar 4 5.% Sentence Fragments Grammar 3 4.01% Word Choice Grammar 3 4.01% Formality and Tone Rhetoric 3 3.65% Pronouns Grammar 3 3.65% Number Agreement Grammar 2 3.28% Parallelism Grammar 2 2.92% Modifiers Grammar 2 2.92% Comparison/Description Grammar 1 1.46% Look at the difference in commonality between the skills. Transitional logic shows up a whopping 9 times per test, while modifiers shows up just 2 times. If it takes the same amount of time to study both skills, clearly your time is better spent on studying Transitional logic. Remember what we said about how you only need to get 80% of questions correct to get a 26? If you master the top 10 skills above and get all those questions right, you can totally ignore the other 8 skills!This is what I mean by bang for your buck. Unfortunately, most books and test prep resources ignore this distinction - they just treat every skill equally. They'll give you the same number of practice questions and give you no guidance on how to spend your time. This means you can waste a lot of time studying things that truly don't matter on the ACT. (Why do they do this? I believe this is usually because these companies hire people who are good at English to write their materials, NOT people who are good at taking tests. These are different skills). At PrepScholar, we strongly believe in getting our students the biggest score improvement for every hour they spend on ACT prep. This is why our program focuses your attention on the most important skills that will lead to the most ACT score improvement. You only have limited time to study, and we don't want to waste it.We designed our program this way because they were the same methods we used to get perfect scores on the ACT. If you plan to study by yourself - make sure you organize your time well.Instead of reading a book cover to cover, you should be focusing on the most critical grammar rules to improve your score most. Strategy 3: Find Your Grammar Weaknesses and Drill Them If you're like most students, you're better at some areas in ACT English than others. You might know transitions really well, but you'll be weak in sentence fragments. Or maybe you really like parallel construction, but have no idea what faulty modifiers are. If you're like most students, you also don't have an unlimited amount of time to study. You have a lot of homework,you might have intense extracurriculars, and you want to spend time with your friends. This means for every hour you study for the ACT, it needs to be the most effective hour possible to raise your ACT score. In concrete terms,you need to find your greatest areas of improvement and work on those. Too many students study the 'dumb' way. They just buy a book and read it cover to cover. When they don't improve, they're SHOCKED. I'm not. Studying effectively for the ACT isn't like painting a house. You're not trying to apply thin coats of understanding evenly across a lot of subjects. What these students did wrong was they wasted time on subjects they already knew well, and they didn't spend enough time improving their weak spots. Instead, studying effectively for the ACT is like plugging up the holes of a leaking boat. You need to find the biggest hole, and fill it. Then you find the next biggest hole, and you fix that. Soon you'll find that your boat isn't sinking at all. How does this relate to ACT English? You need to find the most important grammar rules that you're having the most trouble in, and then practice hard until it's no longer a weakness. Fixing up the biggest holes. Doesn't this make sense? For every question that you miss, you need to identify the type of question it is, and why you missed it. When you notice patterns to the questions you miss, you then need to find extra practice for this grammar rule. Say you miss a lot of comma punctuation questions (the mostcommon ACT English grammar rule). You need to find a way to get lesson material to teach yourself the main concepts that you're forgetting. Then you need to find more practice questions for this skill so you can drill your mistakes. This is by far the best way for you to improve your Englishscore. Bonus: If all of this is making sense to you, you'd love our ACT prep program, PrepScholar. We designed our program around the concepts in this article, because they actually work.When you start with PrepScholar, you’ll take a diagnostic that will determine your weaknesses in over forty ACT skills, including individual grammar rules. PrepScholar then creates a study program specifically customized for youto maximize your score. To improve each skill, you’ll take focused lessons dedicated to each skill, with over 20 practice questions per skill. This will train you for your specific area weaknesses, so your time is always spent most effectively to raise your score. For example, if you're weak in Subject/Verb Agreement, we'll give you a dedicated quiz focused on that skill so that you master your weakness. There’s no other prep system out there that does it this way, which is why we get better score results than any other program on the market. Check it out today with a 5-day free trial: Strategy 4:Attack Passages Sanely - By Paragraph ACT English has a passage-based format. You get a passage with 4-6 paragraphs, and you get 15 questions per passage. When you go into the test, you MUST have a plan on how to attack the passage and answer the questions. Students make two common mistakes on ACT English: They panic about how many questions there are (75!) and they rush through the passage, making careless mistakes along the way. They think that only sentences that are underlined are important, and they ignore the sentences in between. This makes you ignore context, which is critical for Rhetoric questions like Transitions and Organization. Have you ever felt this way before? The good news is, there's a sane way to attack the passage. We call it the "paragraph method." Here's how it works: Read a paragraph in the passage. Answer the questions in that paragraph. Here's an example passage: In this case, you read the passage until you hit the purple line. Then you answer all the questions marked in purple boxes. Next, you read the passage until you hit the green line. Then you answer the question marked in a green box. That's it. Pretty simple, but here's why it works: by reading each paragraph one at time, you force yourself to understand the context around the sentences. This is critical for Rhetoric questions like, "Should this sentence be deleted?" or "Sentence 3 should be placed before..." For example, notice how Question 26 comes at the beginning of the paragraph, but it requires you to understand the rest of the paragraph first: "which one most effectively introduces the information that follows in this paragraph?" In our experience, this is the most effective and sanest way to attack the ACT English passage. If you want to read more about this strategy, and possible alternatives to this method, read more: "The Best Way to Approach ACT English Passages." Because strategy lessons like this can be very effective in improving your score quickly, we include many of them in our PrepScholar ACT program. Learn how to eliminate answer choices systematically. Strategy 5: Don't Pick Answer Choices Based on "Sounding Weird." Know the Specific Rule Being Tested The ACT tests proper English grammar very strictly. Imagine that it's a 60-year-old English professor with perfect diction and grammar. It's not going to be the same language you use when you talk to your friends or text. For example: "Jake and me went to the ball game." This might be something you say informally in conversation, but it's 100% wrong on ACT English. A lot of students figure out grammar mistakes by what "sounds wrong" to their ear. The problem is,if you usually don't spot grammar errors easily, you can't fully rely on your ear to figure out what "sounds wrong."The ACT knows this, and it purposely puts in traps that will trick you if you can't precisely identify what's wrong and what's correct. Here's what you should do instead. For every wrong answer choice that you eliminate, you should justify to yourself clearly why you are eliminating that answer choice. Here's an example of a real ACT English question: Here's my thinking as I go through the question: When I see this sentence, there's a comma splice error. "The shop opens at six in the morning" and "I arrive thirty minutes early to set up" are both independent clauses. Two independent clauses can only be joined with a semicolon, or a comma and a conjunction (like ", and") F: NO CHANGE is incorrect because it keeps the comma splice error we just found. G: This gets us closer - there's a comma here, followed by "however," The problem is that "however" isn't a conjunction - it's a conjunctive adverb. That means it doesn't behave like "and" - it needs to follow a semicolon or a period. Strike this out. H: This is what we were looking for - a comma and a conjunction. This is grammatically correct. J: This is just removing the comma, which doesn't solve the error - it then becomes a "run on sentence" where the two independent clauses are still improperlyjoined. I've eliminated every answer choice but H, which must be the correct answer. Note that I'm not literally thinking all these words in my head, but this gives the gist of my thinking. I've identified the specific grammar error, so I know what I'm looking for. It's like if I told you, "The bee fly to the hive." You know this is wrong instantly if you say it aloud because it feels wrong. After a few more seconds, you'd be able to point out that "bee" is singular and "fly" is plural, so we have a subject/verb agreement error. By learning more grammar rules and practicing them, you'll be able to do this elimination very quickly and naturally. You'll pinpoint exact reasons that a phrase has a grammar error and use that to eliminate answer choices. This is a lot better than guessing based on things "sounding weird" and you'll get many more questions right. It really does take repetition to train grammar skills to this level, though. You need both lesson material to teach you the core content, then lots of practice questions to hammer the concepts home. That's whyinPrepScholar ACT, every ACT English skill gets a detailed strategy lesson, followed by dozens of practice questions to test what you just learned. We've found this to be the most effective method to learn the most important ACT English concepts. If you're studying by yourself without a program, make sure you can find the best study material to teach you grammar and give you enough practice. Strategy 6: Understand ALLYour ACT English Mistakes Every mistake you make on a test happens for a reason.If you don't understand exactly why you missed that question, you will make that mistake over and over again. Too many students scoring at the 12-20score range spend too little time studyingtheir mistakes. It's harsh. I get it. It sucks to stare your mistakes in the face. It's draining to learn difficult concepts you don't already understand. So the average student will breeze past their mistakes and instead focus on areas they're already comfortable with. It's like a warm blanket. Their thinking goes like this: "So I'm good at subject/verb agreement? I should do more subject/verb agreement problems! They make me feel good about myself." The result? NO SCORE IMPROVEMENT. Think about this: let's say you were learning how to cook, and you cut your finger accidentally while chopping carrots. Would you just ignore this, brush it aside, and keep chopping? No! You'd figure out where you went wrong - are you holding the knife incorrectly? Are you holding the carrot incorrectly? Is the knife sharp enough? You would do everything you can to avoid cutting yourself, because it's painful. ACT English is the very same way. You HAVE to understand WHYyou're making mistakes, and how you're going to AVOID making this mistake in the future. So here'swhat you need to do: on every practice test or question set that you take, mark every question that you're even 20% unsure about when you grade your test or quiz, review every single question that you marked, and every incorrect question. This way even if you guessed a question correctly, you'll make sure to review it. in a notebook, keep a separate section by grammar rule. Write down: the gist of the question why you missed it what you'll do to avoid that mistake in the future It's not enough to just think about it and move on. It's not enough to just read the answer explanation. You have to think hard about why you specifically failed on this question. By taking this structured approach to your mistakes,you'll now have a running log of every question you missed, and your reflection on why. In our ACT prep philosophy, reviewing your mistakes is the #1 way to improve your ACT score.We've designed our program accordingly - after you take a quiz inour PrepScholar ACT program, we give you immediate quiz results to review. We basically force you to review your mistakes before you do anything else. It's that important. No excuses when it comes to your mistakes. Strategy 7: Go Deeper - WHY Did You Miss a English Question? Now, what are some common reasons that you missed a question? Don't just say, "I didn't know this material." That's a cop out and you won't learn anything from this. Always take it one step further - what specifically did you miss, and what do you have to improve in the future? Here are some examples of common reasons you miss a question, and how you take the analysis one step further: Content:I didn't learn the knowledge or grammar rule needed to answer this question. One step further:What specific knowledge do I need to learn, and how will I learn this skill? Incorrect Approach:I knew the content or grammar rule, but I didn't know how to approach this question. One step further:How do I solve this question? How will I solve questions like this in the future? Careless Error:I misread what the question was asking for or I missed a grammar rule I already knew. One step further:Why did I misread the question? Why did I miss this grammar error? What trick did the ACT play on me? What should I do in the future to avoid this? Get the idea? You're really digging into understanding why you're missing questions. Yes, this is hard, and it's tiring, and it takes effort.That's why most students who study the easy way - just reading a book cover to cover - don't improve. But you're different. Just by reading this guide, you're already proving that you care more than other students. And if you apply these principles and analyze your mistakes, you'll improve more than other students too. If you find it hard to understand why you're making mistakes, then you might find a program like PrepScholar helpful. Every one of our questions has a detailed answer explanation explaining how to solve the question, how to eliminate each wrong answer choice, and common ACT English traps. We purposefully write these explanations to guide you when you've missed an answer choice. Strategy 8: Don't Spend More than 30 Seconds per Question Of all sections, ACT English has the least amount of time per question. In one section, you get 60minutes to answer 75 questions, which means only 48 seconds per question! Remember what we said above about getting a 26? You only need a raw score of 60 out of 75. This is 80%. Therefore, DON'T feel bad about skipping a question. Chances are, it's actually a pretty hard question designed to waste your time. You're better off skipping it so you can get more questions right elsewhere in the section. Furthermore, you can't predict which questions are easy or hard. Unlike ACT Math, where the questions increase in difficulty from start to finish, ACT English is more or less random. So if you find yourself spending more than 30 seconds on a single question, skip it for now. You might have enough time to come back to it. You definitely want to avoid sucking up 2 minutes on a single question. This is taking up way more time than a single question deserves, and you're better off spending that time on other questions to get extra points. This requires discipline during the test, and many students ignore the clock until it's too late. Don't run out of time. And now, my final ACT English prep tip: Strategy 9: Don't Study General Grammar. Target ACT English When many low-scoring students think about studying ACT English, they think it's mainly a matter of learning grammar. So to prep for ACT English, they'll use general grammar books from school or English class. This points you in the wrong direction. Remember, ACT English tests grammar in very SPECIFIC ways. You're not learning how to write a good essay and using good grammar generally. You're learning how to defeat ACT English. The ways that grammar rules like punctuation or run-on sentences appear on ACT English are very formulaic - they show up in similar ways each time, with similar wrong answer choices. A run-on sentence question will have the same types of wrong answer choices, time and time again. Your job is to learn these patterns, screen out wrong answer choices, and get the right answer. So to do well on ACT English, you have to train with the best materials focused on ACT English. This means realistic practice questions that test Grammar and Rhetoric skills in the same way. Understanding the ACT at a deep level isn't easy. That's why at PrepScholar, we hire only the country's leading experts on the ACT to craft our test content. All of our test content writers scored perfect ACT scores or in the 99th-percentile, and they've often tutored for hundreds of hours before joining us. We turn down dozens of applicants who score a 34 or below on the ACT. Our standards for content are extremely high, because we want our students to have the most realistic practice possible. If you don't use PrepScholar, make sure you're confident of the quality of the materials you're using.If you train on low quality practice questions, you're going to develop bad habits and learn to attack questions the wrong way. In Overview These are the main ACT English tips I have for you to improve your score. If you're scoring a 15, you can improve it to a 20. If you're scoring a 21, you can boost it to a 26. I guarantee it, if you put in the right amount of work, and study like I'm suggesting above. Notice that I didn't actually teach you that many grammar rules. I didn't point to any tips and tricks that you need to know, or specific grammar rules that will instantly raise your score. That's because these one-size-fits-all, guaranteed strategies don't really exist. (And anyone who tells you this is deceiving you). Every student is different. Instead, you need to understand where you're falling short, and drill those weaknesses continuously. You also need to be thoughtful about your mistakes and leave no mistake ignored. This is really important to your future. Make sure you give ACT prep the attention it deserves, before it's too late, and you get a rejection letter you didn't want. What's Next? We have a lot more useful guides to raise your ACT score. Read my corresponding guides for other ACT sections: Get a 26 in ACTMath, ACT Reading, and ACT Science. What's a good ACT score for you? Read our detailed guide on figuring out your ACT target score. Want a bunch of free ACT practice tests to practice with? Here's our comprehensive list of every free ACT practice test. Want to improve your ACT score by 4+ points?We have the industry's leading ACT prep program. Built by Harvard grads and ACT full scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so you get the most effective prep possible. Check out our 5-day free trial today: Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Allen Cheng About the Author As co-founder and head of product design at PrepScholar, Allen has guided thousands of students to success in SAT/ACT prep and college admissions. He's committed to providing the highest quality resources to help you succeed. Allen graduated from Harvard University summa cum laude and earned two perfect scores on the SAT (1600 in 2004, and 2400 in 2014) and a perfect score on the ACT. You can also find Allen on his personal website, Shortform, or the Shortform blog. Get Free Guides to Boost Your SAT/ACT Get FREE EXCLUSIVE insider tips on how to ACE THE SAT/ACT. 100% Privacy. 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General John Pemberton in the Civil War

General John Pemberton in the Civil War Lieutenant General John C. Pemberton was a Confederate commander during the Civil War. A native of Pennsylvania, he elected to serve the South as his wife was from Virginia. Pemberton had seen fighting during the Mexican-American War and was given command of the Department of South Carolina and Georgia. Though he proved unsuccessful in this role, he was admired by Confederate President Jefferson Davis and received a posting to lead the Department of Mississippi and West Louisiana. Heading west, Pemberton successfully protected the vital river town of Vicksburg in 1862, but was repeatedly bested by Major General Ulysses S. Grant the following year. His military career effectively ended after he was forced to surrender at the Siege of Vicksburg. Early Life Born August 10, 1814 in Philadelphia, PA, John Clifford Pemberton was the second child of John and Rebecca Pemberton. Educated locally, he initially attended the University of Pennsylvania before deciding to pursue a career as an engineer. To achieve this goal, Pemberton elected to seek an appointment to West Point. Using his familys influence and connections to President Andrew Jackson, he gained admittance to the academy in 1833. A roommate and close friend of George G. Meade, Pembertons other classmates included Braxton Bragg, Jubal A. Early, William H. French, John Sedgwick, and Joseph Hooker. While at the academy, he proved an average student and graduated ranked 27th of 50 in the class of 1837. Commissioned as a second lieutenant in the 4th US Artillery, he traveled to Florida for operations during the Second Seminole War. While there, Pemberton took part in the Battle of Locha-Hatchee in January 1838. Returning north later in the year, Pemberton engaged in garrison duty at Fort Columbus (New York), Trenton Camp of Instruction (New Jersey), and along the Canadian border before being promoted to first lieutenant in 1842. Mexican-American War Following service at Carlisle Barracks (Pennsylvania) and Fort Monroe in Virginia, Pembertons regiment received orders to join Brigadier General Zachary Taylors occupation of Texas in 1845. In May 1846, Pemberton saw action at the Battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma during the opening phases of the Mexican-American War. In the former, the American artillery played a key role in achieving victory. In August, Pemberton departed his regiment and became an aide-de-camp to Brigadier General William J. Worth. A month later, he earned praise for his performance at the Battle of Monterrey and received a brevet promotion to captain. Along with Worths division, Pemberton was shifted to Major General Winfield Scotts army in 1847. With this force, he took part in the Siege of Veracruz and the advance inland to Cerro Gordo. As Scotts army neared Mexico City, he saw further action at Churubusco in late August before distinguishing himself in the bloody victory at Molino del Rey the following month. Brevetted to major, Pemberton aided in the storming of Chapultepec a few days later where he was wounded in action. Fast Facts: Lieutenant General John C. Pemberton Rank: Lieutenant GeneralService: US Army/Confederate ArmyBorn: August 10, 1814 in Philadelphia, PADied: July 13, 1881 in Penllyn, PAParents: John and Rebecca PembertonSpouse: Martha ThompsonConflicts:  Second Seminole War,  Mexican-American War, Civil WarKnown For: Siege of Vicksburg Antebellum Years With the end of the fighting in Mexico, Pemberton returned to the 4th US Artillery and moved into garrison duty at Fort Pickens in Pensacola, FL. In 1850, the regiment transferred to New Orleans. During this period, Pemberton married Martha Thompson, a native of Norfolk, VA. Over the next decade, he shifted through garrison duty at Fort Washington (Maryland) and Fort Hamilton (New York) as well as assisted in operations against the Seminoles. Ordered to Fort Leavenworth in 1857, Pemberton took part in the Utah War the following year before moving on to the New Mexico Territory for a brief posting at Fort Kearny. Sent north to Minnesota in 1859, he served at Fort Ridgely for two years. Returning east in 1861, Pemberton assumed a position at the Washington Arsenal in April. With the outbreak of the Civil War later that month, Pemberton agonized over whether to remain in the US Army. Though a Northerner by birth, he elected to resign effective April 29 after his wifes home state left the Union. He did so despite pleas from Scott to remain loyal as well as the fact that two of his younger brothers elected to fight for the North. Early Assignments Known as a skilled administrator and artillery officer, Pemberton quickly received a commission in the Virginia Provisional Army. This was followed by commissions in the Confederate Army which culminated in his appointment as a brigadier general on June 17, 1861. Given command of a brigade near Norfolk, Pemberton led this force until November. A skilled military politician, he was promoted to major general on January 14, 1862 and placed in command of the Department of South Carolina and Georgia. Making his headquarters at Charleston, SC, Pemberton quickly proved unpopular with local leaders due to his Northern birth and abrasive personality. The situation worsened when he commented that he would withdraw from the states rather than risk losing his small army. Lieutenant General John C. Pemberton. Photograph Source: Public Domain When the governors of South Carolina and Georgia complained to General Robert E. Lee, Confederate President Jefferson Davis informed Pemberton that the states were to be defended to the end. Pembertons situation continued to degrade and in October he was replaced by General P.G.T. Beauregard. Despite his difficulties in Charleston, Davis promoted him to lieutenant general on October 10 and assigned him to lead the Department of Mississippi and West Louisiana. Early Vicksburg Campaigns Though Pembertons first headquarters was in Jackson, MS, the key to his district was the city of Vicksburg. Perched high on the bluffs overlooking a bend in the Mississippi River, the city blocked Union control of the river below. To defend his department, Pemberton possessed approximately 50,000 men with around half in the garrisons of Vicksburg and Port Hudson, LA. The remainder, largely led by Major General Earl Van Dorn, was badly demoralized following defeats earlier in the year around Corinth, MS. Taking command, Pemberton began work to improve Vicksburgs defenses while blocking Union thrusts from the north led by Major General Ulysses S. Grant. Pressing south along the Mississippi Central Railroad from Holly Springs, MS, Grants offensive stalled in December following Confederate cavalry raids on his rear by Van Dorn and Brigadier General Nathan B. Forrest. A supporting thrust down the Mississippi led by Major General William T. Sherman was halted by Pembertons men at Chickasaw Bayou on December 26-29. Grant Moves Despite these successes, Pembertons situation remained tenuous as he was badly outnumbered by Grant. Under strict orders from Davis to hold the city, he worked to thwart Grants efforts to bypass Vicksburg during the winter. This included blocking Union expeditions up the Yazoo River and Steeles Bayou. In April 1863, Rear Admiral David D. Porter ran several Union gunboats past the Vicksburg batteries. As Grant began preparations to move south along the west bank before crossing the river south of Vicksburg, he directed Colonel Benjamin Grierson to mount a large cavalry raid through the heart of Mississippi to distract Pemberton. Possessing around 33,000 men, Pemberton continued to hold the city as Grant crossed the river at Bruinsburg, MS on April 29. Calling for aid from his department commander, General Joseph E. Johnston, he received some reinforcements which began to arrive in Jackson. Meanwhile, Pemberton dispatched elements of his command to oppose Grants advance from the river. Some of these were defeated at Port Gibson on May 1 while newly-arrived reinforcements under Brigadier General John Gregg suffered a setback at Raymond eleven days later when they were beaten by Union troops led by Major General James B. McPherson. Failure in the Field Having crossed the Mississippi, Grant drove on Jackson rather than directly against Vicksburg. This caused Johnston to evacuate the state capital while calling for Pemberton to advance east to strike the Union rear. Believing this plan to be too risky and cognizant of Davis orders that Vicksburg be protected at all costs, he instead moved against Grants supply lines between Grand Gulf and Raymond. On May 16, Johnston reiterated his orders forcing Pemberton to countermarch and throwing his army into a degree of confusion. Later in the day, his men encountered Grants forces near Champion Hill and were soundly defeated. Retreating from the field, Pemberton had little choice but to retreat towards Vicksburg. His rearguard was defeated the following day by Major General John McClernands XIII Corps at Big Black River Bridge. Heeding Davis orders and possibly concerned about public perception due to his Northern birth, Pemberton led his battered army into the Vicksburg defenses and prepared to hold the city. Battle of Vicksburg. Photograph Source: Public Domain Siege of Vicksburg Quickly advancing to Vicksburg, Grant launched a frontal assault against its defenses on May 19. This was repulsed with heavy losses. A second effort three days later had similar results. Unable to breach Pembertons lines, Grant commenced the Siege of Vicksburg. Trapped against the river by Grants army and Porters gunboats, Pembertons men and the citys residents quickly began to run low on provisions. As the siege continued, Pemberton repeatedly called for aid from Johnston but his superior was unable to raise the necessary forces in a timely manner. On June 25, Union forces detonated mine which briefly opened a gap in the Vicksburg defenses, but Confederate troops were able to quickly seal it and turn back the attackers. With his army starving, Pemberton consulted his four division commanders in writing on July 2 and asked if they believed the men to be strong enough to attempt an evacuation of the city. Receiving four negative responses, Pemberton contacted Grant and requested an armistice so that surrender terms could be discussed. The City Falls Grant refused this request and stated that only unconditional surrender would be acceptable. Reassessing the situation, he realized that it would take a tremendous amount of time and supplies to feed and move 30,000 prisoners. As a result, Grant relented and accepted the Confederate surrender on the condition that the garrison be paroled. Pemberton formally turned the city over to Grant on July 4. The capture of Vicksburg and subsequent fall of Port Hudson opened the entirety of the Mississippi to Union naval traffic. Exchanged on October 13, 1863, Pemberton returned to Richmond to seek a new assignment. Disgraced by his defeat and accused of disobeying orders by Johnston, no new command was forthcoming despite Davis confidence in him. On May 9, 1864, Pemberton resigned his commission as a lieutenant general. Later Career Still willing to serve the cause, Pemberton accepted a lieutenant colonels commission from Davis three days later and assumed command of an artillery battalion in the Richmond defenses. Made inspector general of the artillery on January 7, 1865, Pemberton remained in that role until the end of the war. For a decade after the war, he lived at his farm in Warrenton, VA before moving back to Philadelphia in 1876. He died in Pennsylvania on July 13, 1881. Despite protests, Pemberton was buried in Philadelphias famed Laurel Hill Cemetery not far from his roommate Meade and Rear Admiral John A. Dahlgren.

Specific Language Impairment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Specific Language Impairment - Essay Example ely affects educational performance. The content of language refers to what individuals talk about or understand. The form of language refers to the shape and sound of the units of language and their combinations such as word endings, the words, or sentence structure. The use of language refers to the reasons why individuals speak and the ways they construct conversations depending upon what they know about the listener and the context. The child with language impairment may have difficulty in any or all of these areas furthermore it is fundamental to education because it is the major form of representation and articulation of knowledge and the principal medium of instruction. Language impairment can be further broken down into receptive and expressive language impairments. It may be helpful to determine that the impairment is receptive or an expressive or both, prior to examining form, content, and its specific affect on mathematical development. A child whose major problem is with receptive lang... behaviours as compared to children with expressive language difficulties, Also they are more likely to experience social and behavioural problems and to be the target for bullying. Their measures of cognitive and language performance tend to be consistent over time, but ratings or measures of behavioural difficulties are more variable they show higher level of behavioural, emotional, and social adjustment difficulties. A child with expressive language impairment has difficulty with the production of language that adequately represents the child intended message and may include problems with word retrieval, word use, sentence formulation, and/or conversational skills. The following characteristics may indicate difficulties in producing language. The child speaks in words, phrases, incomplete or inaccurate sentences, relies upon gesture to supplement or substitute for oral language, uses pronouns, plurals, and possessives incorrectly, has difficulty with the agreement of subjects and verbs, , has difficulty telling a story or describing an event or procedure in a logical sequence, uses run-on sentences, has limited expressive vocabulary, has difficulty finding the appropriate word (s) to express meaning, overuses filler words such as "ah" or "um". Language being the mode of communication is very important in comprehension, organization and for the articulation knowledge, As far as it affect on mathematical development is concerned the further areas such as oral language impairment, the use of language in instruction and assessment, the phonological process impairment, the role of working memory in knowledge of numbers, Basic Calculation, Knowledge of Combinations, and Story Problems and the counting process, principles will highlight the important details that